![]() ![]() In pugs, T10, T3, T11, and T12 were the most commonly affected sites for aplasia, in that order, with hypoplasia most commonly affecting T4 and T9.Īge and sex were not significantly associated with prevalence, but breed was.Ĭaudal articular process hypoplasia and aplasia are very prevalent in nonclinical pugs (96%), English bulldogs (84.1%), and French bulldogs (70.4%), with multifocal (French and English bulldogs) and generalized (pugs) occurrences being encountered most commonly. The pattern was focal in 9 of these dogs (9.3%), multifocal in 33 (34%), and generalized in 55 (56.7%). One of these (1%) was hypoplasia, and 96 (96%) were aplasia. Of the 100 pugs evaluated, 97 (96%) showed dysplasia. Aplasia most commonly affected T4 followed by T9, whereas hypoplasia most commonly affected T10 followed by T11. Dysplastic facets were classified as focal in 22 of the 53 affected English bulldogs (41.5%), multifocal in 23 (43.4%), and generalized in 8 (15%). ![]() The most commonly affected vertebrae were T10 followed by T11.įifty-three of the 63 English bulldogs (84.1%) had dysplasia, with 12 of 63 (19%) showing hypoplasia and 41 of 63 (65.1%) showing aplasia. Dysplastic facets were classified as focal in 27 (35.5%) of the 76 affected French bulldogs, multifocal in 45 (59.2%), and generalized in 4 (5.3%). Twenty-nine of these (26.9%) were hypoplasia, and 47 (43.5%) were aplasia. One-hundred eighty four of 271 dogs (67.9%) and 628 of 3506 vertebrae (17.9%) had aplasia.īy breed, 76 of 108 French bulldogs (70.4%) had dysplasia. Among the dogs, 3506 vertebrae were evaluated, of which 1104 (31.5%) were affected. Of these 271 dogs, 226 (83.4%) had caudal articular process hypoplasia or aplasia in the thoracic vertebrae. Included in the study were 271 dogs that met inclusion criteria (108 French bulldogs, 63 English bulldogs, and 100 pugs). Breed-specific prevalence of articular process hypoplasia and aplasia were calculated for each site, with age and sex as covariates. Data were evaluated for normality, and statistical analyses were corrected for repeated measures and multiple comparisons. The dysplastic group was further classified into focal (only 1 region of affected vertebrae, with 7 vertebrae affected). Dogs were assigned to either an “unaffected” or “dysplasia” group for analysis. The occurrence, location, and number of hypoplastic or aplastic caudal articular facets were recorded for each dog and compared between breeds. The Most Common Health Problems in French Bulldogs.Complication Rates Following Permanent Tracheostomy.Cases were excluded from analysis if neurologic or orthopedic disease was reported, if medical records were incomplete, or if CT studies were incomplete. In this retrospective study, medical records from the Royal Veterinary College at the University of London from October 2010 to November 2016 were searched for French bulldogs, English bulldogs, and pugs that had undergone computed tomography (CT) of the complete thoracic vertebral column for reasons unrelated to neurologic or orthopedic disease, and had complete medical records available for review. A group of veterinary neurologists and surgeons in London and Utrecht studied the prevalence and clinical relevance of this malformation. Caudal articular process dysplasia has been identified in several breeds, including French bulldogs, English bulldogs, and pugs however, this condition does not always result in clinical disease. ![]()
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